# Source Bibliography

This bibliography traces the sources cited by the archived Wikipedia page and adds related primary research used by Humanizer. Bibliographic facts and links are included so an editor can inspect the source rather than inherit a claim secondhand.

## Detector reliability and human judgment

1. Russell, Jenna; Karpinska, Marzena; Iyyer, Mohit. “People who frequently use ChatGPT for writing tasks are accurate and robust detectors of AI-generated text.” ACL 2025. https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.267/
2. Dik, Selin; Erdem, Osman; Dik, Mehmet. “Assessing GPTZero's Accuracy in Identifying AI vs. Human-Written Essays.” arXiv:2506.23517. https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.23517
3. Dugan, Liam et al. “RAID: A Shared Benchmark for Robust Evaluation of Machine-Generated Text Detectors.” ACL 2024. https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.674/
4. Cheng, Adam et al. “Ability of AI detection tools and humans to accurately identify different forms of AI-generated written content.” *Advances in Simulation* 10, 66 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41077-025-00396-6
5. Fiedler, Alexandra; Döpke, Jörg. “Do humans identify AI-generated text better than machines? Evidence based on excerpts from German theses.” *International Review of Economics Education* 49, 100321 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iree.2025.100321
6. Murray, Nathan; Tersigni, Elisa. “Can instructors detect AI-generated papers? Postsecondary writing instructor knowledge and perceptions of AI.” *Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching* 7(2), 2024. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2024.7.2.12
7. Spero, Max; Emi, Bradley. “Technical Report on the Pangram AI-Generated Text Classifier.” arXiv:2402.14873. https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.14873

## Linguistic change, vocabulary, and model style

8. Yakura, Hiromu et al. “Empirical evidence of Large Language Model's influence on human spoken communication.” arXiv:2409.01754. https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.01754
9. Geng, Mingmeng et al. “The Impact of Large Language Models in Academia: from Writing to Speaking.” Findings of ACL 2025. https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.987/
10. Galpin, Riley; Anderson, Bryce; Juzek, Tom S. “Exploring the Structure of AI-Induced Language Change in Scientific English.” FLAIRS 38 (2025). https://doi.org/10.32473/flairs.38.1.138958
11. Juzek, Tom S.; Ward, Zina B. “Why Does ChatGPT ‘Delve’ So Much? Exploring the Sources of Lexical Overrepresentation in Large Language Models.” COLING 2025. https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.426/
12. Reinhart, Alex et al. “Do LLMs write like humans? Variation in grammatical and rhetorical styles.” *PNAS* 122(8), 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11874169/
13. Kobak, Dmitry et al. “Delving into LLM-assisted writing in biomedical publications through excess vocabulary.” *Science Advances* 11(27), 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12219543/
14. Juzek, Tom S.; Ward, Zina B. “Word Overuse and Alignment in Large Language Models: The Influence of Learning from Human Feedback.” arXiv:2508.01930. https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.01930
15. Kousha, Kayvan; Thelwall, Mike. “How much are LLMs changing the language of academic papers after ChatGPT? A multi-database and full text analysis.” arXiv:2509.09596. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.09596
16. Geng, Mingmeng; Trotta, Roberto. “Human-LLM Coevolution: Evidence from Academic Writing.” Findings of ACL 2025. https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.657/
17. Geng, Mingmeng; Trotta, Roberto. “Is ChatGPT Transforming Academics' Writing Style?” arXiv:2404.08627. https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.08627
18. Sussman, Kristen; Carter, Daniel. “Detecting Effects of AI-Mediated Communication on Language Complexity and Sentiment.” ACM Web Conference companion proceedings, 2025. https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.19556
19. Sun, Mingjie et al. “Idiosyncrasies in Large Language Models.” ICML 2025; arXiv:2502.12150. https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.12150
20. Huang, Siming et al. “Wikipedia in the Era of LLMs: Evolution and Risks.” https://openreview.net/forum?id=ahVmnYkVLt
21. Rudnicka, Karolina. “Each AI chatbot has its own, distinctive writing style—just as humans do.” *Scientific American*, 2025. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chatgpt-and-gemini-ai-have-uniquely-different-writing-styles/
22. Merrill, Jeremy B.; Chen, Szu Yu; Kumer, Emma. “What are the clues that ChatGPT wrote something? We analyzed its style.” *The Washington Post*, 2025. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/interactive/2025/how-detect-chatgpt-em-dash/
23. Kriss, Sam. “Why Does A.I. Write Like … That?” *The New York Times Magazine*, 2025. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/03/magazine/chatbot-writing-style.html

## Domain fit, platform behavior, and participation

24. Ju, Da; Blix, Hagen; Williams, Adina. “Domain Regeneration: How well do LLMs match syntactic properties of text domains?” Findings of ACL 2025. https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.120/
25. Zhou, Moyan; Cho, Soobin; Terveen, Loren. “LLMs in Wikipedia: Investigating How LLMs Impact Participation in Knowledge Communities.” arXiv:2509.07819. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.07819
26. Walker Rettberg, Jill. “Genre glitches and unexpected promotional phrases as a sign of AI writing.” https://jilltxt.net/genre-glitches-and-unexpected-promotional-phrases-as-a-sign-of-ai-writing/
27. Belcher, Wendy. “10 Ways AI Is Ruining Your Students' Writing.” *Chronicle of Higher Education*, 2025. https://www.chronicle.com/article/10-ways-ai-is-ruining-your-students-writing
28. Robbins, Hollis. “How to Tell if Something is AI Written.” *Anecdotal Value*. https://hollisrobbinsanecdotal.substack.com/p/how-to-tell-if-something-is-ai-written
29. Zhou, Moyan; Cho, Soobin; Terveen, Loren. Wikipedia participation study listed above; use it for the difference between surface compliance and community tacit knowledge, not as a prose blacklist.

## Human-writing confounds and language conventions

30. Birattari, Massimo. “Come evitare le ripetizioni ‘moleste’ quando scriviamo?” *Il Libraio*. https://www.illibraio.it/news/grammatica/come-evitare-ripetizioni-quando-scriviamo-540892/
31. Cortelazzo, Michele A. “Non sempre è necessario usare parole diverse.” University of Padua. http://www.maldura.unipd.it/buro/gel/gel13.html
32. Chicago Manual of Style. “Special Characters Q&A: quotation marks.” https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/SpecialCharacters/faq0002.html

## Product and system artifacts

33. Anthropic. “System Prompts” release notes, including historical Claude Markdown instructions. https://platform.claude.com/docs/en/release-notes/system-prompts
34. OpenAI. “GPT-4 System Card.” https://cdn.openai.com/papers/gpt-4-system-card.pdf
35. Edwards, Benj. “Forget AGI—Sam Altman celebrates ChatGPT finally following em dash formatting rules.” *Ars Technica*, 2025. https://arstechnica.com/ai/2025/11/forget-agi-sam-altman-celebrates-chatgpt-finally-following-em-dash-formatting-rules/

## Artifact examples cited by Wikipedia

36. DeepSeek-derived archive example used for lenticular citation markers. https://github.com/subharmonicseed/Synergesis/blob/99a9b959036524552be2fd796f9a8f927ac91549/Syn%20sans%20magie/Synergesis_DeepSeek_Complete_Archive/Syn%20comme%20une%20%C3%A9tude%20de%20march%C3%A9.txt#L83
37. “Unproductive Interpretation of Work and Employment as Misinformation?” example used for Perplexity-style attachment tags. https://www.laetusinpraesens.org/docs20s/workeco.php

## Related repositories and directories

- Wikipedia live field guide: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signs_of_AI_writing
- Wikipedia page history and contributors: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Signs_of_AI_writing&action=history
- AI-writing pattern directory: https://tropes.fyi/directory
- RAID benchmark and data links: https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.674/
- Idiosyncrasies paper code: https://github.com/eric-mingjie/awesome-llm-idiosyncrasy

## Source-use rule

Read the paper or first-party artifact before repeating a numerical claim. Separate corpus-level evidence from individual-text diagnosis. A population-level rise in a word does not prove anything about one author, and a platform artifact proves tool involvement only when the artifact is genuinely platform-specific.
